兰州学府考研

北京同志摄影

只要你考研就是学府的一员
资讯 ｜干货｜答疑
                                        王军老师2017年12月大学英语四六级
考前写译总结及预测
主讲教师： 王 军
第一部分写作一、备考要点
① 结构的重要性
Artificial intelligence and its impact 人工智能
As is depicted in the picture, a chess-like game is going on between a grand master and a robot. The grand master thinks that he will definitely win the game. But to his dismay, soon he find he is no equal of the robot, for he loses almost every round of the game. Seeing the robot’s smiling face, the grand master felt humiliated.
   Nowadays artificial intelligence has become a hot issue among people. But people hold different opinions about it. Some think that the victory of robot in the match indicates that human’s advantage is eroding fast and artificial intelligence becomes a reality and can be used in future life while others argue that artificial intelligence will never replace human beings.
   Will artificial intelligence make humans redundant? In my view, the impact of artificial intelligence should not be underestimated. Although it can not fully replace humans, it may bring tremendous changes to our future life. For example, robots have been already used in making cars, vacuuming floors and serving food, which may take away our jobs. Given the rate of development of artificial intelligence technology, it is reasonable to expect the emergence of new artificial intelligence machine which can compete with humans in the next 50 years.
② 语言表达的重要性 （考前背诵课堂提供之经典句）
二、命题思路
① 热点话题
Internet voting
Nowadays internet voting has become a new trend in China. While it is convenient for people to express their opinions, it also brings some trouble. On one hand, using smart phones or computers, it is convenient for the public to vote for something or someone they are in favor of. That is why the number of voters has been on the increase in the recent years. Besides, it costs less manpower and material resources to collect and analyze the information. Furthermore, voting on the internet makes instant feedback possible. But the unfairness of internet voting also deserves our attention. As we all know, there are always some of our friends or relatives who beg us to vote for someone they are familiar with. It is clear that voting for someone’s friends is based on relationship rather than the correct standard. Besides, sometimes the voting result doesn’t reflect the candidate’s true ability but his social network, which makes voters feel cheated and annoyed. Last but not least, we cannot get a true picture of how a candidate behaves in the daily life by the internet voting.
From my point of view, although the internet voting has some disadvantages, it is still a good way for the citizen to express their ideas. If our government intensifies supervision and takes effective measures to enhance the fairness, it can benefit every citizen in our society.
The changes in the mode of payment 移动支付
According to the table above, we can clearly see that great changes have taken place in mode of payment these years. Five years ago, 65% of people paid for the products they bought by means of cash or credit cards while in 2015 an overwhelming majority of people will do it through mobile payment tool, such as Alipay or Wechat.
Now China is the world-leading mobile payment country and it enjoys a wide application of various mobile payment apps, which has made people’s life more convenient than ever before. It is no exaggeration to say that mobile payment has become a kind of lifestyle of Chinese people. There are many reasons leading to this phenomenon. Firstly, the Internet technology is developing rapidly in China during these years, which makes it possible for mobile payment means to gain growing popularity throughout the country, from big cities to rural areas. Now you are able to perform any transactions by scanning a QR code, which was unbelievable several years ago. Secondly, China has the world’s largest netizens, which is the foundation for the wide extension of mobile payment. Finally, some famous companies, such as Alibaba and Tecent, also play a positive role in popularizing this new mode of payment.
From all above, we can conclude that mobile payment will be a general trend in the future. On one hand, we should put great emphasis on innovation and invention in every field. On the other hand, some effective measures must be taken to resist the financial risks. As long as we follow the points mentioned above, we can benefit more from the Internet technology in the days to come.
The shared bicycles
According to the statistics released by the authority, the bike-sharing industry has been booming since last year. There were 18.9 million users of shared bicycles nationwide in 2016 while the number hit 50 million by the end of 2016. At the very beginning of 2017, the number of public bike user registrations has surpassed 100 million.   
Every coin has its two sides and the shared bicycles are no exception. The shared bicycles  enable us to hire bikes via a mobile app at a relatively low price and we can also drop them off anywhere we want, which makes life more convenient than ever before. Besides, this kind of service can effectively cut auto emissions. But it also gives rise to a host of problems. Its obvious weakness is that some bikes often block sidewalks and lead to complaints. Another factors we need to consider is that many of them have been damaged due to user’s carelessness and immorality.  
Now, the government is considering regulating bike-sharing services. First of all, parking zones should be designated around major transportation hubs, shopping areas and office blocks. Besides, the use of shared bikes will be supervised through advanced technology such as digital video recorders. Lastly, the rules forbidding children under the age of 12 from riding shared bikes will be formulated. Only in these ways can we benefit from this novel thing.
The impacts of packaging waste on the environment
Given the rapidly-growing express delivery industry, the impacts of packaging waste on the environment can not be ignored. For example, during the Singles Day sales of 2017, the number of packages handled between Nov. 11 and 16 has reached 1.5 billion, up 35 percent from the same period a year ago. The daily volume hit 340 million, three times the usual level. Besides, the recycling of packaging waste is another problem. Currently, there are no effective systems for garbage sorting and recycling. Packaging materials such as tape, cushions and plastic bags are usually sent to landfills, and the main component of such materials, polyvinyl chloride, may take hundreds of years to degrade. Burning these materials also generates pollutants.Obviously, what the environment is confronted with is much more serious.
Fortunately, the government has started working on addressing the "aftermath" of online sales -- hundreds of millions of tons of packaging waste generated across the country each year. First of all, according to the regulations, by 2020, half of external packages should be degradable, 90 percent of waybills electronic, and tape and woven bags should be gradually replaced. Second, China is speeding up green transformation in courier sector and all express delivery companies, online stores and consumers should be involved. In a word, the steering towards green packaging is the long-term trend for the courier sector although it still needs time to achieve a complete transformation.
② 大学校园生活
Should class attendance be required? （大学有必要考勤吗？）
   Nowadays class attendance is strictly required in many colleges and universities. In order to carry out this policy, a series of measures have been adopted, such as using punch cards or some other electronic devices. Then, should class attendance be required or not?
   As to this issue, people’s opinions vary from person to person. Those in favor of it believe that such policy will have a positive effect on student’s academic study because many students can’t resist the temptation of many other things, such as playing computer games or surfing online due to lack of self-control. Besides, this policy also plays an indispensable role in keeping everything in order on campus. However, some people object to it. They argue that class attendance policy has been out of date and they will not bring benefits to students because some lectures are not always constructive and enlightening. In their eyes, the students should be allowed to decide whether they attend lectures or not since most of them don’t like the classrooms where teachers just repeat the materials in the textbooks. Besides, there is no evidence to prove the definite link between class attendance and performances on tests. Good class attendance doesn’t mean that the students will have a good grasp of book knowledge.
In my view, some flexible steps can be taken. For example, students must be strictly required to attend the compulsory courses. Meanwhile, so far as the selective courses are concerned, university should give students more freedom to make the decision of their own. Only in these ways can we derive benefits from the required class attendance.
Persistence
  1. 图片描写段
From the picture, we can see a man drill a lot of wells in the earth, but none of them is deep enough to find the water underground. It is clear that he gets nothing just because he doesn’t dig deep enough. Simple as it is, the picture conveys a message to us that persistence is what really counts to success.
  2. 解释说明段
Sometimes we are just like the man in the picture. We have great dreams and goals, but give up easily in the face of difficulty. In fact, persistence is of great importance to one’s success in career. Whatever we do, we should do it with strong determination and perseverance and never give it up easily. As human beings, we are eager to achieve success overnight. It is, however, patience as well as endurance that can help us succeed in performing great deeds. Young people are, however, mostly impatient. Brave as they may be in the beginning, they often give up halfway in the face of what seems to be insurmountable. Such people usually become upset, disappointed by failure although they virtually can do everything very well. Obviously, lack persistence will lead to failure, and if we give up easily, we will not get what we want.
  3. 评论段
As the saying goes, “ Great works are performed not by strength, but by persistence. As long as we don’t give up halfway, we can get whatever we want. In a word, “Never, never give up” is something that we should always bear in mind.
Clean up the cyberspace
The Internet is exerting its strong influence on all aspects of the daily life. It is no exaggeration to say that Internet technology over the past few years offers us opportunities and freedom to voice our opinions. But it also spreads rumors or false information, which mislead the general public and disrupt social order. For example, some social medias try to defame people and invade their privacy. Moreover, some celebrities with huge fans on the social media fail to set a good example for netizen. Now a nationwide anti-rumor campaign is being carried out to clean up the cyberspace. some people have been punished severely for fabricating or spreading rumors online.
   In order to clean up the cyberspace, some measures must be taken. For one thing, a bottom line for online speech must be established. That is to say, everyone has the right to voice the opinions but no one has the privilege to spread tumors to ruin the reputation of others or organization. For another, any Internet behavior should strictly adhere to the law and the morality as well as the protection of the public's legal rights and interests. Only in these ways can we make the information online more reliable and credible.
③ 应用文
1. 你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国历史很感兴趣，并请你介绍一位你喜欢的中国历史人物。请你给Jim回信。
Dear Jim,
I am excited to know that you are eager to learn more about Chinese history. It is my honor to give you a picture of one historical figure named Li Bai.
I admire Li Bai most because he wrote many classic poems in history. Born in the Tang Dynasty, LiBai enjoyed a high reputation because of his unique writing style. His poems are pleasant to read and full of imagination. Not only do his poems have a strong influence on the Chinese literature, but also his poems have been translated into many foreign languages. Through his poems, I have a better understanding of life.
Would you please share with me a historical person you like? Looking forward to your early reply.
                                                                      Yours,
Li Ming
2. 规范广场舞
Dear editor,
   I am a college student and today I’m writing to express my opinion about Square dancing.  Recently, Square dancing has been a popular form of entertainment for middle-age and elderly Chinese women. It not only makes people healthier than ever before, but also offer them more opportunities to make friends. However, some neighbors have a host of complaints against the people who do square dancing because the music is so loud that they can't fall asleep at night.
   In my opinion, people can do square dancing because it is a good way to keep healthy, but they should think about the feelings of others and shouldn't make a lot of noise. Meanwhile, some rules must be made to let the dancers face the penalties if their behaviour disturbs local residents. Lastly, some steps should be taken to regulate the dancers - setting designated venues, times and maximum volume of music.
Sincerely yours,
                                                                   Li Ming
3. 通知
                                        Notice
   A wide variety of clubs will be set up in our school starting from September 14th. They are intended to enrich our campus life, develop our interest and improve our ability.
The activities of the clubs range from art to sports to meet the needs of students with different tastes, namely painting, photography, the appreciation of English songs, classic Chinese poetry, table tennis,shadow boxing, gymnastics, tea art and cooking.
Whoever is interested in the club is welcome to join. Please sign up within this week. Then the monitors are to submit the name list to the Students’ Union. We are expecting your active participation. Please choose your club and join us!
Students’ Union
Dec. 22nd, 2017
第二部分汉译英1. 黄山位于安徽省的南部。它有72座山峰，被认为是世界上最独特、最美丽的山脉之一，是中国十大风景名胜里唯一的一座山。在中国，如果你爬山，就爬黄山吧！黄山风景四绝：云海、怪石、奇松和温泉。黄山，被称为“中国最美的山”，是中国历史上艺术和文学的一部分。现在游客们、诗人、画家和摄影师都会来这个以壮观风景著名的地方朝圣(pilgrimage)。
Huangshan is located in the south of Anhui province. With its 72 peaks, it is regarded as one of the most unique and beautiful mountain ranges in the world and it is also the only mountain listed in China’s Top Ten Scenic Spots. If you want to climb a mountain in China,let it be Huangshan. Huangshan enjoys four unique scenic features, such as sea of clouds, strangely-shaped rocks, legendary pine trees, and hotsprings. Huangshan, known as “the most beautiful mountain of China, is part of the Chinese art and literature in history. Today visitors,poets, painters and photographers come on pilgrimage to Huangshan, which is renowned for its magnificent scenery.
2. 万里长城是中华民族的象征和中国人的骄傲。长城全长6350多千米，是世界上规模最大的军事防御工程，被列为世界七大建筑奇迹之一。我国远在战国时期就开始修筑长城，至今已有2700多年的历史，明代修筑的长城，至今也有600多年的历史了。现在保存的北京段长城是明代修筑的。万里长城经历了千百年的风霜雨雪，目睹了无数朝代更迭，依然屹立在世界的东方。
   The Great Wall is the symbol of the Chinese nation and Chinese people are proud of it. The Great Wall is more than 6350 kilometers long. It is the largest military defense project in the world and is listed as one of the seven ancient architectural wonders of the world. The Great Wall were first built during the Warring States Period. The walls built at that time have a history of 2,700 years and those built in the Ming Dynasty have at least a history of more than 600 years. The existing Great Wall in Beijing was built in the Ming Dynasty. Having seen hundreds years of hardships and witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties, the Great Wall still stands in the east.
3. “一带一路”贯穿亚欧非大陆，一头是活跃的东亚经济圈，一头是发达的欧洲经济圈，中间广大腹地国家经济发展潜力巨大。丝绸之路经济带重点畅通中国经中亚、俄罗斯至欧洲（波罗的海）；中国经中亚、西亚至波斯湾、地中海；中国至东南亚、南亚、印度洋。21世纪海上丝绸之路重点方向是从中国沿海港口过南海到印度洋，延伸至欧洲；从中国沿海港口过南海到南太平洋。
    The Belt and Road run through the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, connecting the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and developed European economic circle at the other, and encompassing countries with huge potential for economic development. The Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on bringing together China, Central Asia, Russia and Europe (the Baltic); linking China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asia and West Asia; and connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Indian Ocean. The 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road is designed to go from China's coast to Europe through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in one route, and from China's coast through the South China Sea to the South Pacific in the other.
4. 新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始，一直持续到元宵节，即从农历最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上贴上红色的对联，对联的主题为健康、财富和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。
    Chinese New Year is the most important traditional festival of China. In China, it is also called  the Spring Festival. New Year’s celebrations last from New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to get together for an annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with health, wealth and good luck as their themes. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes and visiting relatives and friends.
   5. 人们常说，如果你在北京，有两样事情是你一定要做的，一是爬长城，二是吃北京烤鸭。以前只有宫廷厨房才有，现在全北京、全世界的成千上万个餐馆都可以吃到传说中的北京烤鸭。北京烤鸭的起源可以追溯到大约600年前的明朝。那时候，来自中国各地的厨师前往都城北京为皇帝下厨。1911年清朝最终没落，宫里的厨师离开紫禁城在北京开了餐厅，给人民群众带来了北京烤鸭和其他美味。
   【参考译文】 It is often said that if you are in Beijing, there are two things that you must do; one is to climb the Great Wall, and the other one is to eat Peking Roast Duck. Once limited to the kitchens of the palace, Peking Roast Duck is now served at tens of thousands of restaurants around Beijing, as well as around the world. The origin of the Peking Roast Duck dates back to the Ming Dynasty about 600 years ago. Cooks from all over the country travelled to Beijing, the capital of Ming Dynasty, to cook for the Emperor. When the Qing dynasty fell in 1911, former palace chefs left the Forbidden City and opened restaurants around Beijing, which made it possible for these palace chefs to bring Peking Roast Duck and other delicacies to the public.

6. 高铁
China’s total length of high-speed railway reached about 18,000 km by 2015. With the operation of the new line, China's high-speed railway lines have exceeded 20,000 km in total length. China has some 121,000 kilometers of rail lines in operation. More than 19,000 kilometers of them are high-speed railways, accounting for over 60 percent of the total in the world. China had more than 16,000 kilometers of high-speed rail at the end of last year, up from 11,000 at the end of 2013, and 28 of the mainland's 31 provinces now have access to bullet trains.
7. 据报道，中国有十大城市被列入世界污染指数最高城市的前20名。这意味着我们采取行动控制这一局势的时刻到了。许多因素导致了污染局面的恶化。比如，工业废弃物进入大气层、湖泊和河流；私家车数量急剧上升；塑料袋的大范围使用等。因此，如何解决污染问题已成为中国当务之急要解决的问题。首先，我们应当制定更加严格的法律、法规来控制污染，对未经批准的污染工业应予以重罚。其次，限制私家车的发展；再者，禁止塑料袋和一次性餐盒的使用；最后，媒体在环保中也应当发挥其作用。
  It is reported that ten big cities in China are ranked among the top twenty cities with the highest pollution index in the world. This means it is high time we did something to bring the situation under control. There are many factors contributing to the deteriorating situation. For example, the industrial wastes discharged into the air, an increasing number of private cars and widespread use of plastic bags, ect. Therefore, it is urgent for China to solve the problem of pollution. First, stiffer laws and regulations must be implemented to control pollution. Besides, Industries that release wastes without permission should be heavily fined. Second, the number of private cars should be strictly restricted. Third, the use of plastic bags and disposable meal boxes should be banned. Lastly, the media should play an important role in preserving the environment.
8.《史记》由西汉著名史学家司马迁所著。此书是中国，或许也是全世界出版的第一本通史书籍，它涵盖了从黄帝到作者生活的年代约三千年的重大事件及历史人物。《史记》由五部分组成，共一百三十卷，约五十多万字。其中第一、第四和第五部分分别涉及皇帝、封建大家族和著名人物；第二部分记载有关重要历史事件的日期；第三部分涉及诸多不同主题的历史及描述，诸如：礼乐制度、音乐和经济等。
Records of the Grand Historian was written by Sima Qian, a famous historian of the Western Han. This book was the first general history book published in China, and possibly in the whole world. It covers the major events and personalities of nearly 3,000 years, from the Yellow Emperor to the writer’s day. Records of the Grand Historian consists of five parts, 130 chapters, in half a million words. The first, fourth and fifth parts deal with emperors, big feudal families and famous men respetively; the second part are tables of dates of important events; the third are essays devoted to the history and description of various subjects, such as rites, music, the economy, etc.
9. 文房四宝，是中国书画的主要工具和材料，它们是笔、墨、纸、砚，人们通常称它们为“文房四宝”，是说它们是文人书房中最珍惜、最常用的四件宝贝。中国古代文人基本上都能书善画，是离不开笔墨纸砚这四件宝贝的。“文房”之名，起于我国历史上的南北朝时期，专指文人书房而言，以笔、墨、纸、砚为文房最常用。
   The four treasures of Chinese study, including brush, ink,paper and ink stone, are unique tools of Chinese paintings and calligraphy. People refer them as “four treasures” probably because they are the four most-cherished and commonly used tools in the study of Chinese scholars. Ancient Chinese scholars were all good at calligraphy and painting and that is why the “four treasures” became an indispensable part of their lives. The word “Chinese study” first originated from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which specifically refers to a place where the four tools were mostly used.
10. 悠久的历史令中国人倍感自豪。相传五千多年前，黄帝统治着黄河流域的一部分。黄帝和另一个首领炎帝为文明的进步做出了巨大的贡献。据说黄帝发明了推车、船、衣裳、文字和医药。炎帝教会人们用犁耕地。今天，全球华人都把他们看作自己的祖先，称他们自己为“炎黄子孙”。
   The Chinese people are proud of their long history. About 5,000 years ago, Huangdi, according to legend, ruled part of the Yellow River valley. He and another leader, Yandi, made great contributions to the progress of civilizatiotin. Huangdi is said to have invented the cart, the boat, the clothes, the script and the medicine, and Yandi to have taught people how to turn the soil with a plow. Today, Chinese all over the world regard them as their earliest ancestors, calling themselves “Yan-Huang’s descendants”.
11. 筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。几千年来中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中送入口中的最简单，也是最有效的工具。早在周朝时期（公元前11世纪一公元前3世纪）筷子便被人们用来夹取荤菜、蔬菜，而米饭则用手来取而食之：全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、象牙、塑料、铝、银、金等。
   Chopsticks, or kuazi, are the most distinctive eating tool at the Chinese dining table. For thousands of years, the Chinese have always regarded chop-sticks the simplest and the most efficient tool for transporting food from a bowl to the mouth. As early as in the Zhou Dynasty (11th - 3rd century B. C. ), chopsticks were used for picking up meat and vegetable, while hands were used for rice. Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo,wood, ivory, plastic, aluminum, silver and gold.
12. 春联
春联（Spring Festival couplets）是中国特有的一种文学形式，有着悠久的历史。春联上的文字简洁、精巧，象征着人们对未来的巨大期盼，表达人们对新年的美好愿望。贴春联是春节的一大传统习俗，也是中国人欢度新春佳节的重要方式。每逢春节，无论在城市还是农村，家家户户都要精心挑选一副大红春联贴在门上，为节日增加喜庆气氛。各家各户会根据自家的情况选择不同内容的春联，比如商人的家庭会张贴与发财有关的春联，农民家庭则选择表达丰收愿望的春联。
参考翻译：
The Spring Festival couplet is a unique Chinese literary form with a long history. The text of couplets is concise and delicate, which symbolizes the great expectation of the people for the future and conveys people's good wishes of the New Year. As a traditional custom during the Spring Festival, posting couplets is also an important way for the Chinese to celebrate the Spring Festival. During Spring Festivals, in both urban and rural areas, each household will select a pair of red couplets carefully and paste them on the door to enhance the festive atmosphere. Each household would choose couplets with different contents according to their own circumstances. For instance, merchant families would paste the couplets related to making a fortune, while farmer families would choose couplets expressing the desire for a good harvest.
13. 竹文化
中国因其国宝熊猫而闻名于世。熊猫的食物竹子也深受中国人民的喜爱。中国是世界上拥有竹子最多的国家，被称为竹子的王国。竹文化长久以来深深根植于中国人的思想中。对中国人民来说，竹子是美德的象征，它反映了人的灵魂和情感。中国古代的学者对竹子非常敬重。这就解释了为什么历史上有那么多的著作和绘画都是以竹为主题的。
参考翻译：
China is famous for its national treasure, pandas. Bamboo, the panda's food, is also favored by the Chinese people. China is known as the Kingdom of Bamboo, possessing more bamboos than any other country in the world. Bamboo culture has been rooted in the minds of the Chinese people for a long time. To the Chinese people, bamboo is a symbol of virtue, which reflects people's souls and emotions. Ancient Chinese scholars looked up with great respect to bamboo. This explains why there are so many writings and paintings with bamboo as its theme in the history.
14. 平遥古城
平遥位于中国山西省中部，是一个有着2700多年历史的古老城市。它是明清时期汉族城市的一个典范。它的城墙、街道、住宅、店铺和庙宇都保留得异常完好、极富特色。同时，居住在平遥的人民依然保留着许多传统。这个与世隔绝的古城功能特殊、布局(layout)合理。城墙是由黑色的砖砌成，已经经历了600多年的风雨洗礼，一直保存完好，现在它已经成为古城的一个标志了。
参考翻译：
Pingyao, located in the middle of Shanxi Province, China, is an ancient city with a history of over 2700 years. It is an outstanding example of cities of the Han nationality during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its city walls, streets, dwelling houses, shops and temples have been well preserved, with the unique local features. Meanwhile, many traditions are still kept by the people living in Pingyao. Pingyao, an isolated city, is well laid-out and enjoys various special functions. The city wall built with black bricks has stood against rains and storms for over 600 years and been well preserved, which has become a symbol of the ancient city.
15. 中华老字号
中华老字号(China time-honored brands)是指那些历史悠久并拥有良好信誉的中国企业。这些企业往往具有鲜明的中华民族传统文化特征，拥有高品质的产品、技艺或服务，取得广泛的社会认同。同仁堂和全聚德均属北京的老字号。同仁堂创建于1669年，其药品以优良的传统工艺和显著的疗效享誉海内外；以北京烤鸭闻名的全聚德创建于1864年，是中国著名的饭店。
参考翻译：
China time-honored brands refer to those Chinese companies which have a long history as well as a good reputation. With distinct characteristics of traditional Chinese culture, they acquired the universal recognition for offering good-quality products, techniques or services. Both Tongrentang and Quanjude are the time-honored brands in Beijing. Tongrentang was founded in 1669, and its medical products have enjoyed a good reputation both at home and abroad for its traditional manufacturing techniques and good effects. Founded in 1864 and well-known for its Beijing roast ducks, Quanjude is a famous restaurant in China.
16. 中国神话
尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(genealogy)，但它们却有着鲜明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)，这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬标准多以智慧、力量为准则，而中国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中，几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。
参考翻译：
Although ancient Chinese myths don’t have a relatively complete plot and the figures in them don't have a systematic genealogy, they all have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant. When compared with Western myths, especially Greek myths, the spirit of esteeming virtue is even more prominent. In Western myths, especially Greek myths, the criteria for judging whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength, while in ancient Chinese myths, the criterion lies in morality. This way of thinking is deeply rooted in the Chinese culture. For thousands of years, the spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comments on historical figures and expectations of real people.
17. 轿子
在古代，轿子(sedan chair)被视作中国的特殊交通工具，人们用肩膀和手抬轿子，轿子在宋代最常见。实际上，它是固定在两根竹竿上的可移动椅子，有的有帐篷，有的没有。历史上，中国的轿子在很多地方十分流行。在不同的时代和地区，轿子的名称也不同，如篼子(douzi)、暖轿(nuanjiao）等。我们所说的轿子是暖轿。说到轿子类型，可分为三种：官轿，民轿和婚轿。就用途而言，轿子有两种类型：山路轿子和平地轿子。
参考翻译：
In ancient times, the sedan chair was considered as a special transportation vehicle in China. The sedan chair is lifted with shoulders and hands. The sedan chair was the most common in the Song Dynasty. In fact, it is a removable chair fixed on two poles with or without a tent. The Chinese sedan chair was very popular in many areas in history. In different ages and areas, the sedan chair has various names, for example, douzi, nuanjiao, etc. The sedan chair we know now is nuanjiao. As far as its kind is concerned, sedan chair can be categorized into three types: sedan chair for officials, common people and weddings. Regarding the purposes, sedan chair falls into two types: one for mountain roads, and the other for flat roads.
18.环境与工业化
中国是发展中国家中的大国，其工业化正在快速发展，环境问题也变得日益严峻，因此环境保护被国家视为一项基本国策。近年来，国家采取了很多措施来加强环境治理，如建立了世界著名的生态工程“三北防护林工程”(the Three-North Shelter Forest program)。此外，中国也在大力发展自然保护区，颁布了《环境保护法》，加强环保意识和环保教育。目前，环境治理已取得明显成效，大部分城市环境和农业生态环境得到了很大改善，工业污染防治能力也大大提高。
参考翻译：
China is a major developing country undergoing rapid industrialization. The environmental problem in China is getting more and more serious, thus environmental protection has been taken as one of the basic national policies by the government. In recent years, the government has taken lots of measures to improve the environment governance, such as carrying out the world famous ecological project "the Three-North Shelter Forest Program" . Moreover, China has been greatly developing the natural reserves."The Law on Environmental Protection" has been issued to strengthen the awareness and education of environmental protection. Now, distinct achievements have been gained in environmental governance. The environment in most cities and the agricultural ecological environment around the country have been greatly improved. The capability of preventing and controlling industrial pollution has been highly enhanced.
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